2. Use input method selector to config
3. log out and in
Tuesday, July 12, 2011
Sunday, July 10, 2011
Linux Command Note
ldd programName - print shared library dependencies, for example, ldd /usr/bin/skype
yum whatprovides fileName -will tell which package provides this file, for example, yum whatprovides libQtDBus.so.4
yum groupinstall 'Development Tools' One-time install or update most development tools
yum whatprovides fileName -will tell which package provides this file, for example, yum whatprovides libQtDBus.so.4
yum groupinstall 'Development Tools' One-time install or update most development tools
ssh <hostname> -l <user login>
recursively find a file: find . -name filename [-print]
recursively find a file: find . -name filename [-print]
Saturday, July 9, 2011
Backup and restore Linux system
Howto: Backup and restore your system!
Hi, and welcome to the Heliode guide to successful backing-up and restoring of a Linux system!
Most of you have probably used Windows before you started using Ubuntu. During that time you might have needed to backup and restore your system. For Windows you would need proprietary software for which you would have to reboot your machine and boot into a special environment in which you could perform the backing-up/restoring (programs like Norton Ghost).
During that time you might have wondered why it wasn't possible to just add the whole c:\ to a big zip-file. This is impossible because in Windows, there are lots of files you can't copy or overwrite while they are being used, and therefore you needed specialized software to handle this.
Well, I'm here to tell you that those things, just like rebooting, are Windows CrazyThings (tm). There's no need to use programs like Ghost to create backups of your Ubuntu system (or any Linux system, for that matter). In fact; using Ghost might be a very bad idea if you are using anything but ext2. Ext3, the default Ubuntu partition, is seen by Ghost as a damaged ext2 partition and does a very good job at screwing up your data.
1: Backing-up
"What should I use to backup my system then?" might you ask. Easy; the same thing you use to backup/compress everything else; TAR. Unlike Windows, Linux doesn't restrict root access to anything, so you can just throw every single file on a partition in a TAR file!
To do this, become root with
and go to the root of your filesystem (we use this in our example, but you can go anywhere you want your backup to end up, including remote or removable drives.)
Now, below is the full command I would use to make a backup of my system:
Now, lets explain this a little bit.
The 'tar' part is, obviously, the program we're going to use.
'cvpfz' are the options we give to tar, like 'create archive' (obviously),
'preserve permissions'(to keep the same permissions on everything the same), and 'gzip' to keep the size down.
Next, the name the archive is going to get. backup.tgz in our example.
Next comes the root of the directory we want to backup. Since we want to backup everything; /
Now come the directories we want to exclude. We don't want to backup everything since some dirs aren't very useful to include. Also make sure you don't include the file itself, or else you'll get weird results.
You might also not want to include the /mnt folder if you have other partitions mounted there or you'll end up backing those up too. Also make sure you don't have anything mounted in /media (i.e. don't have any cd's or removable media mounted). Either that or exclude /media.
EDIT : kvidell suggests below we also exclude the /dev directory. I have other evidence that says it is very unwise to do so though.
Well, if the command agrees with you, hit enter (or return, whatever) and sit back&relax. This might take a while.
Afterwards you'll have a file called backup.tgz in the root of your filessytem, which is probably pretty large. Now you can burn it to DVD or move it to another machine, whatever you like!
EDIT2:
At the end of the process you might get a message along the lines of 'tar: Error exit delayed from previous errors' or something, but in most cases you can just ignore that.
Alternatively, you can use Bzip2 to compress your backup. This means higher compression but lower speed. If compression is important to you, just substitute
the 'z' in the command with 'j', and give the backup the right extension.
That would make the command look like this:
2: Restoring
Warning: Please, for goodness sake, be careful here. If you don't understand what you are doing here you might end up overwriting stuff that is important to you, so please take care!
Well, we'll just continue with our example from the previous chapter; the file backup.tgz in the root of the partition.
Once again, make sure you are root and that you and the backup file are in the root of the filesystem.
One of the beautiful things of Linux is that This'll work even on a running system; no need to screw around with boot-cd's or anything. Of course, if you've rendered your system unbootable you might have no choice but to use a live-cd, but the results are the same. You can even remove every single file of a Linux system while it is running with one command. I'm not giving you that command though!
Well, back on-topic.
This is the command that I would use:
Or if you used bz2;
WARNING: this will overwrite every single file on your partition with the one in the archive!
Just hit enter/return/your brother/whatever and watch the fireworks. Again, this might take a while. When it is done, you have a fully restored Ubuntu system! Just make sure that, before you do anything else, you re-create the directories you excluded:
And when you reboot, everything should be the way it was when you made the backup!
2.1: GRUB restore
Now, if you want to move your system to a new harddisk or if you did something nasty to your GRUB (like, say, install Windows), You'll also need to reinstall GRUB.
There are several very good howto's on how to do that here on this forum, so i'm not going to reinvent the wheel. Instead, take a look here:
http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showthre...t=grub+restore
There are a couple of methods proposed. I personally recommend the second one, posted by remmelt, since that has always worked for me.
Most of you have probably used Windows before you started using Ubuntu. During that time you might have needed to backup and restore your system. For Windows you would need proprietary software for which you would have to reboot your machine and boot into a special environment in which you could perform the backing-up/restoring (programs like Norton Ghost).
During that time you might have wondered why it wasn't possible to just add the whole c:\ to a big zip-file. This is impossible because in Windows, there are lots of files you can't copy or overwrite while they are being used, and therefore you needed specialized software to handle this.
Well, I'm here to tell you that those things, just like rebooting, are Windows CrazyThings (tm). There's no need to use programs like Ghost to create backups of your Ubuntu system (or any Linux system, for that matter). In fact; using Ghost might be a very bad idea if you are using anything but ext2. Ext3, the default Ubuntu partition, is seen by Ghost as a damaged ext2 partition and does a very good job at screwing up your data.
1: Backing-up
"What should I use to backup my system then?" might you ask. Easy; the same thing you use to backup/compress everything else; TAR. Unlike Windows, Linux doesn't restrict root access to anything, so you can just throw every single file on a partition in a TAR file!
To do this, become root with
Code:
sudo su
Code:
cd /
Code:
tar cvpzf backup.tgz --exclude=/proc --exclude=/lost+found --exclude=/backup.tgz --exclude=/mnt --exclude=/sys /
The 'tar' part is, obviously, the program we're going to use.
'cvpfz' are the options we give to tar, like 'create archive' (obviously),
'preserve permissions'(to keep the same permissions on everything the same), and 'gzip' to keep the size down.
Next, the name the archive is going to get. backup.tgz in our example.
Next comes the root of the directory we want to backup. Since we want to backup everything; /
Now come the directories we want to exclude. We don't want to backup everything since some dirs aren't very useful to include. Also make sure you don't include the file itself, or else you'll get weird results.
You might also not want to include the /mnt folder if you have other partitions mounted there or you'll end up backing those up too. Also make sure you don't have anything mounted in /media (i.e. don't have any cd's or removable media mounted). Either that or exclude /media.
EDIT : kvidell suggests below we also exclude the /dev directory. I have other evidence that says it is very unwise to do so though.
Well, if the command agrees with you, hit enter (or return, whatever) and sit back&relax. This might take a while.
Afterwards you'll have a file called backup.tgz in the root of your filessytem, which is probably pretty large. Now you can burn it to DVD or move it to another machine, whatever you like!
EDIT2:
At the end of the process you might get a message along the lines of 'tar: Error exit delayed from previous errors' or something, but in most cases you can just ignore that.
Alternatively, you can use Bzip2 to compress your backup. This means higher compression but lower speed. If compression is important to you, just substitute
the 'z' in the command with 'j', and give the backup the right extension.
That would make the command look like this:
Code:
tar cvpjf backup.tar.bz2 --exclude=/proc --exclude=/lost+found --exclude=/backup.tar.bz2 --exclude=/mnt --exclude=/sys /
Warning: Please, for goodness sake, be careful here. If you don't understand what you are doing here you might end up overwriting stuff that is important to you, so please take care!
Well, we'll just continue with our example from the previous chapter; the file backup.tgz in the root of the partition.
Once again, make sure you are root and that you and the backup file are in the root of the filesystem.
One of the beautiful things of Linux is that This'll work even on a running system; no need to screw around with boot-cd's or anything. Of course, if you've rendered your system unbootable you might have no choice but to use a live-cd, but the results are the same. You can even remove every single file of a Linux system while it is running with one command. I'm not giving you that command though!
Well, back on-topic.
This is the command that I would use:
Code:
tar xvpfz backup.tgz -C /
Code:
tar xvpfj backup.tar.bz2 -C /
Just hit enter/return/your brother/whatever and watch the fireworks. Again, this might take a while. When it is done, you have a fully restored Ubuntu system! Just make sure that, before you do anything else, you re-create the directories you excluded:
Code:
mkdir proc mkdir lost+found mkdir mnt mkdir sys etc...
2.1: GRUB restore
Now, if you want to move your system to a new harddisk or if you did something nasty to your GRUB (like, say, install Windows), You'll also need to reinstall GRUB.
There are several very good howto's on how to do that here on this forum, so i'm not going to reinvent the wheel. Instead, take a look here:
http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showthre...t=grub+restore
There are a couple of methods proposed. I personally recommend the second one, posted by remmelt, since that has always worked for me.
From ubuntu forum
Thursday, July 7, 2011
Enable VirtualBox usb Device
Three things:
1. Make sure current user is in the user group of virtualbox.
2. Install virtualbox expansion package.
3. Check guest machine detail, in usb tab make sure enable 2.0 usb by click the check box.
Logout and login.
Logout and login.
How to disable Keyring
If you set keyring for the first time, just set it as blank using return.
If already set one,
cd ~/.gnome2/keyrings
delete the corresponding keyring file
like:
rm default.keyring
log out and log in, set again the keyring to blank
Mint 11 enable desktop cube
I enabled desktop cube through compiz, I think I enabled rotate cube as well and then I noticed that I suddenly had no Maximize, minimize, or top of my windows anymore! I think it is a compiz problem because when I reboot in "low graphics" fail safe mode, it looks and works fine.
Basically the problem its not with the unity, or compiz. just that, the upstream ( ubuntu team) had did some changes that cause lots of trouble for the rest of the downstream. but the fixes are pretty simple.
open menu >compizconfig settings manager
in compiz, do this, step by step, ( it must be done step by step!) :
disable this stuffs:
i) OpenGL
ii) Composite
iii) Desktop wall.
Select disable plugins when a window appears asking for disabling other plugins.
After disabling these plugins your panels, menu bar, minimize maximize menu may dissapear. don't panic!!! follow next step.
2. Now enable these plugins sequentially.
i)OpenGl
ii)Composite
iii)Desktop cube
iv)Rotate cube
Some conflicts may occur.Conflicts occur when same buttons are assigned to two or more actions.
After all these steps you screen may response abnormally.Don't worry. restart your machine and follow next steps.
3.Here start the actual work.
1. You need 4 workspaces or Desktop for cube effects.In compiz settings manager select General options -> Desktop Size under General tab. Set Horizontal Virtual size to 4. Set Vertical Virtual size and Number of Desktop to 1.
2.Enable Desktop Cube,Rotate cube,3D windows and Cube reflection and deformation.Enable all other plugins if any window appears asking for supporting plugin to be enabled.
3.Goto Desktop cube->Transparent Cube and set Opacity during rotation to 75 or as per your convenience.
4.Goto Cube Reflection and Deformation -> Deformation. set Deformation to none. You can change the image appearing at top and bottom of cube in Cube Caps tab.
5.Goto Rotate Cube->Bindings->Rotate cube.See if binding is default set to
<control><Alt>Left and <control><Alt>Right or change it as your desire.
Thanks to Mint forum.
Basically the problem its not with the unity, or compiz. just that, the upstream ( ubuntu team) had did some changes that cause lots of trouble for the rest of the downstream. but the fixes are pretty simple.
open menu >compizconfig settings manager
in compiz, do this, step by step, ( it must be done step by step!) :
disable this stuffs:
i) OpenGL
ii) Composite
iii) Desktop wall.
Select disable plugins when a window appears asking for disabling other plugins.
After disabling these plugins your panels, menu bar, minimize maximize menu may dissapear. don't panic!!! follow next step.
2. Now enable these plugins sequentially.
i)OpenGl
ii)Composite
iii)Desktop cube
iv)Rotate cube
Some conflicts may occur.Conflicts occur when same buttons are assigned to two or more actions.
After all these steps you screen may response abnormally.Don't worry. restart your machine and follow next steps.
3.Here start the actual work.
1. You need 4 workspaces or Desktop for cube effects.In compiz settings manager select General options -> Desktop Size under General tab. Set Horizontal Virtual size to 4. Set Vertical Virtual size and Number of Desktop to 1.
2.Enable Desktop Cube,Rotate cube,3D windows and Cube reflection and deformation.Enable all other plugins if any window appears asking for supporting plugin to be enabled.
3.Goto Desktop cube->Transparent Cube and set Opacity during rotation to 75 or as per your convenience.
4.Goto Cube Reflection and Deformation -> Deformation. set Deformation to none. You can change the image appearing at top and bottom of cube in Cube Caps tab.
5.Goto Rotate Cube->Bindings->Rotate cube.See if binding is default set to
<control><Alt>Left and <control><Alt>Right or change it as your desire.
Thanks to Mint forum.
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